将会更新一系列的Nginx教程
目录
Nginx简介 Nginx安装 yum安装 二进制安装
1.简介
1.1.nginx是什么？
Nginx 则是免费的、开源的、高性能的HTTP和反向代理服务器、邮件代理服务器、以及TCP/UDP代理服务器
1.2.为什么大家都使用nginx?
- 作为web服务器：Nginx处理静态文件、索引文件以及自动索引效率非常高
- 作为代理服务器：Nginx可以实现快速、高效的反向代理，提升网站性能
- 作为负载均衡服务器：支持简单的容错和利用算法进行负载均衡
- 在性能方面：Nginx专门为性能优化而开发的，在实现上非常注重效率。它采用epoll模型，可以支持更多的并发连接，并在大并发时占用很低的内存资源
- 在高可用方面：Nginx支持热部署，启动速度迅速，因此在不间断服务的情况下，对软件版本或者配置升级，及时运行数月也无需重新启动，几乎可以做到7*24小时不及按段运行
2.安装
2.1.yum安装
需要提前配置好epel源
# yum install epel-release -y
# yum install -y nginx
# rpm -ql nginx
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi.conf.default
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/koi-utf
/etc/nginx/koi-win
/etc/nginx/mime.types
/etc/nginx/mime.types.default
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf.default
/etc/nginx/scgi_params
/etc/nginx/scgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params.default
/etc/nginx/win-utf
/usr/bin/nginx-upgrade
/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
/usr/lib64/nginx/modules
/usr/sbin/nginx
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1/CHANGES
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1/README
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1/README.dynamic
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.16.1/UPGRADE-NOTES-1.6-to-1.10
/usr/share/licenses/nginx-1.16.1
/usr/share/licenses/nginx-1.16.1/LICENSE
/usr/share/man/man3/nginx.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/nginx-upgrade.8.gz
/usr/share/man/man8/nginx.8.gz
/usr/share/nginx/html/404.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/50x.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/en-US
/usr/share/nginx/html/icons
/usr/share/nginx/html/icons/poweredby.png
/usr/share/nginx/html/img
/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/nginx-logo.png
/usr/share/nginx/html/poweredby.png
/usr/share/vim/vimfiles/ftdetect/nginx.vim
/usr/share/vim/vimfiles/ftplugin/nginx.vim
/usr/share/vim/vimfiles/indent/nginx.vim
/usr/share/vim/vimfiles/syntax/nginx.vim
/var/lib/nginx
/var/lib/nginx/tmp
/var/log/nginx
# which nginx
/usr/sbin/nginx
2.1.1.检查安装
# rpm -qa nginx
nginx-1.16.1-3.el7.x86_64
# 查看nginx安装包的信息
# rpm -qi nginx
Name : nginx
Epoch : 1
Version : 1.16.1
Release : 3.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Tue 09 Feb 2021 11:17:50 AM CST
Group : Unspecified
Size : 1694049
License : BSD
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Sun 01 Nov 2020 10:58:48 AM CST, Key ID 6a2faea2352c64e5
Source RPM : nginx-1.16.1-3.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Sun 01 Nov 2020 10:02:58 AM CST
Build Host : buildhw-x86-09.iad2.fedoraproject.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : Fedora Project
Vendor : Fedora Project
URL : http://nginx.org/
Bug URL : https://bugz.fedoraproject.org/nginx
Summary : A high performance web server and reverse proxy server
Description :
Nginx is a web server and a reverse proxy server for HTTP, SMTP, POP3 and
IMAP protocols, with a strong focus on high concurrency, performance and low
memory usage.
2.1.2.查看帮助
# nginx -h
nginx version: nginx/1.16.1
Usage: nginx [-?hvVtTq] [-s signal] [-c filename] [-p prefix] [-g directives]
Options:
-?,-h : this help
-v : show version and exit
-V : show version and configure options then exit #显示版本和编译参数
-t : test configuration and exit #测试配置文件是否异常
-T : test configuration, dump it and exit #测试并打印
-q : suppress non-error messages during configuration testing #静默模式
-s signal : send signal to a master process: stop, quit, reopen, reload #发送信号
-p prefix : set prefix path (default: /usr/share/nginx/) #指定Nginx目录
-c filename : set configuration file (default: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf) #指定配置文件路径
-g directives : set global directives out of configuration file #设置全局指令
2.1.3.验证Nginx
# 检查配置文件是否ok
# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
# 查看nginx版本
# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.16.1
# 查看nginx版本，编译参数
# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.16.1
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC)
built with OpenSSL 1.1.1c FIPS 28 May 2019 (running with OpenSSL 1.1.1g FIPS 21 Apr 2020)
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/share/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/client_body --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/proxy --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/fastcgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/uwsgi --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/scgi --pid-path=/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/run/lock/subsys/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-ipv6 --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module=dynamic --with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_perl_module=dynamic --with-http_auth_request_module --with-mail=dynamic --with-mail_ssl_module --with-pcre --with-pcre-jit --with-stream=dynamic --with-stream_ssl_module --with-google_perftools_module --with-debug --with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-cc1 -m64 -mtune=generic' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld -Wl,-E'
2.1.4.Nginx启动脚本
# more /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target
[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/run/nginx.pid
# Nginx will fail to start if /run/nginx.pid already exists but has the wrong
# SELinux context. This might happen when running `nginx -t` from the cmdline.
# https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1268621
ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid
ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
KillSignal=SIGQUIT
TimeoutStopSec=5
KillMode=process
PrivateTmp=true
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
2.1.5.配置Nginx
默认配置文件：/etc/nginx/nginx.conf，，默认配置如下
# egrep -v "#|^$" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /404.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
}
2.1.6.管理Nginx
# 启动
nginx
# quit是一个优雅的关闭方式，Nginx在退出前完成已经接受的连接请求
nginx -s quit
# stop是快速关闭，不管有没有正在处理的请求。
nginx -s stop
# 热加载配置，不影响服务正常运行
nginx -s reload
--------另外我们还可以用systemctl管理-------------
# 服务管理
systemctl start nginx
systemctl stop nginx
systemctl restart nginx
systemctl status nginx
2.1.7.访问Nginx
http://ip
2.2.编译安装
【说在前面-这是centos6环境下的笔记-centos7需要更改一下启动脚本】
1.为什么不用yum安装？
因为内网环境，利用rpm包安装，解决依赖比较麻烦。
2.编译参数怎么确定？
找个外网环境yum安装nginx，然后nginx -V获取的编译参数，然后编译的时候把这些参数编译进去。
2.2.1.安装依赖
# yum install -y pcre pcre-devel gcc-c++ zlib zlib-devel openssl openssl-devel
pcre pcre-devel：在Nginx编译需要 PCRE(Perl Compatible Regular Expression)，因为Nginx 的 Rewrite模块和HTTP 核心模块会使用到PCRE正则表达式语法 zlip zlib-devel：nginx启用压缩功能的时候，需要此模块的支持 openssl openssl-devel：开启SSL的时候需要此模块的支持
2.2.2.创建用户
# useradd -s /sbin/nologin -M nginx
2.2.3.编译
# 将软件包下载到/soft目录下
cd /soft && tar zxvf nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz
# 编译
cd nginx-1.16.1
# 编译是为了检查系统环境是否符合编译安装的要求，比如是否有gcc编译工具，是否支持编译参数当中的模块，并根据开启的参数等生成Makefile文件为下一步做准备
./configure --prefix=/etc/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-compat --with-file-aio --with-threads --with-http_addition_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_v2_module --with-mail --with-mail_ssl_module --with-stream --with-stream_realip_module --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module --with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic -fPIC' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -pie'
# 编译步骤，根据Makefile文件生成相应的模块
make
# 创建目录，并将生成的模块和文件复制到相应的目录
make install
2.2.4.检查配置文件
[root@nginx01 nginx-1.16.1]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: [emerg] mkdir() "/var/cache/nginx/client_temp" failed (2: No such file or directory)
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed
报错解决：
[root@nginx02 nginx-1.16.1]# mkdir /var/cache/nginx/client_temp -pv
mkdir: created directory `/var/cache/nginx'
mkdir: created directory `/var/cache/nginx/client_temp'
2.2.5.拷贝yum自带的启动脚本过来或者看官网的
# centos7的，找一下上面yum安装的脚本就好了，这里不再记录
https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/examples/initscripts/
因为我的编译参数，包括安装路径，配置文件路径，用户都是用yum的参数，所以脚本是直接拿来就能用，无需更改
# 添加执行权限
chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx
2.2.6.添加到服务管理列表，并让其开机自动启动
chkconfig --add nginx
chkconfig nginx on
# 查看添加情况
chkconfig --list nginx
2.2.7.启动|停止|加载|查看状态
# service nginx start|stop|reload|status
2.2.8.如果不想用service管理
nginx #启动
nginx -s reload #平滑加载
nginx -s stop #快速停止或关闭
nginx -s quit #正常停止或关闭
2.2.9.nginx一些命令
nginx -t 检查语法
nginx -v 查看版本
nginx -V 查看编译参数
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