全网目前最全python例子（附源码）七、Python画图

Python画图

Python常用的绘图工具包括：matplotlib
, seaborn
, plotly
等，以及一些其他专用于绘制某类图如词云图等的包，描绘绘图轨迹的turtle
包等。本章节将会使用一些例子由易到难的阐述绘图的经典小例子，目前共收录10
个。

1 turtle绘制奥运五环图

turtle绘图的函数非常好用，基本看到函数名字，就能知道它的含义，下面使用turtle，仅用15行代码来绘制奥运五环图。

1 导入库

import turtle
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2 定义画圆函数

def drawCircle(x,y,c='red'):
    p.pu()# 抬起画笔
    p.goto(x,y) # 绘制圆的起始位置
    p.pd()# 放下画笔
    p.color(c)# 绘制c色圆环
    p.circle(30,360) #绘制圆：半径，角度
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3 画笔基本设置

p = turtle
p.pensize(3) # 画笔尺寸设置3
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4 绘制五环图

调用画圆函数

drawCircle(0,0,'blue')
drawCircle(60,0,'black')
drawCircle(120,0,'red')
drawCircle(90,-30,'green')
drawCircle(30,-30,'yellow')

p.done()


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2 turtle绘制漫天雪花

导入模块

导入 turtle
库和 python的 random

import turtle as p
import random


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绘制雪花

def snow(snow_count):
    p.hideturtle()
    p.speed(500)
    p.pensize(2)
    for i in range(snow_count):
        r = random.random()
        g = random.random()
        b = random.random()
        p.pencolor(r, g, b)
        p.pu()
        p.goto(random.randint(-350, 350), random.randint(1, 270))
        p.pd()
        dens = random.randint(8, 12)
        snowsize = random.randint(10, 14)
        for _ in range(dens):
            p.forward(snowsize)  # 向当前画笔方向移动snowsize像素长度
            p.backward(snowsize)  # 向当前画笔相反方向移动snowsize像素长度
            p.right(360 / dens)  # 顺时针移动360 / dens度



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绘制地面

def ground(ground_line_count):
    p.hideturtle()
    p.speed(500)
    for i in range(ground_line_count):
        p.pensize(random.randint(5, 10))
        x = random.randint(-400, 350)
        y = random.randint(-280, -1)
        r = -y / 280
        g = -y / 280
        b = -y / 280
        p.pencolor(r, g, b)
        p.penup()  # 抬起画笔
        p.goto(x, y)  # 让画笔移动到此位置
        p.pendown()  # 放下画笔
        p.forward(random.randint(40, 100))  # 眼当前画笔方向向前移动40~100距离


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主函数

def main():
    p.setup(800, 600, 0, 0)
    # p.tracer(False)
    p.bgcolor("black")
    snow(30)
    ground(30)
    # p.tracer(True)
    p.mainloop()

main()


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3 wordcloud词云图

import hashlib
import pandas as pd
from wordcloud import WordCloud
geo_data=pd.read_excel(r"../data/geo_data.xlsx")
print(geo_data)
# 0     深圳
# 1     深圳
# 2     深圳
# 3     深圳
# 4     深圳
# 5     深圳
# 6     深圳
# 7     广州
# 8     广州
# 9     广州

words = ','.join(x for x in geo_data['city'] if x != []) #筛选出非空列表值
wc = WordCloud(
    background_color="green", #背景颜色"green"绿色
    max_words=100, #显示最大词数
    font_path='./fonts/simhei.ttf', #显示中文
    min_font_size=5,
    max_font_size=100,
    width=500  #图幅宽度
    )
x = wc.generate(words)
x.to_file('../data/geo_data.png')
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4 plotly画柱状图和折线图

#柱状图+折线图
import plotly.graph_objects as go
fig = go.Figure()
fig.add_trace(
    go.Scatter(
        x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
        y=[1.5, 1, 1.3, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9]
    ))
fig.add_trace(
    go.Bar(
        x=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
        y=[2, 0.5, 0.7, -1.2, 0.3, 0.4]
    ))
fig.show()


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5 seaborn热力图

# 导入库
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 生成数据集
data = np.random.random((6,6))
np.fill_diagonal(data,np.ones(6))
features = ["prop1","prop2","prop3","prop4","prop5", "prop6"]
data = pd.DataFrame(data, index = features, columns=features)
print(data)
# 绘制热力图
heatmap_plot = sns.heatmap(data, center=0, cmap='gist_rainbow')
plt.show()


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6 matplotlib折线图

模块名称：example_utils.py，里面包括三个函数，各自功能如下：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 创建画图fig和axes
def setup_axes():
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(ncols=3, figsize=(6.5,3))
    for ax in fig.axes:
        ax.set(xticks=[], yticks=[])
    fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=0, left=0, right=0.93)
    return fig, axes
# 图片标题
def title(fig, text, y=0.9):
    fig.suptitle(text, size=14, y=y, weight='semibold', x=0.98, ha='right',
                 bbox=dict(boxstyle='round', fc='floralwhite', ec='#8B7E66',
                           lw=2))
# 为数据添加文本注释
def label(ax, text, y=0):
    ax.annotate(text, xy=(0.5, 0.00), xycoords='axes fraction', ha='center',
                style='italic',
                bbox=dict(boxstyle='round', facecolor='floralwhite',
                          ec='#8B7E66'))


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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import example_utils

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

fig, axes = example_utils.setup_axes()
for ax in axes:
    ax.margins(y=0.10)

# 子图1 默认plot多条线，颜色系统分配
for i in range(1, 6):
    axes[0].plot(x, i * x)

# 子图2 展示线的不同linestyle
for i, ls in enumerate(['-', '--', ':', '-.']):
    axes[1].plot(x, np.cos(x) + i, linestyle=ls)

# 子图3 展示线的不同linestyle和marker
for i, (ls, mk) in enumerate(zip(['', '-', ':'], ['o', '^', 's'])):
    axes[2].plot(x, np.cos(x) + i * x, linestyle=ls, marker=mk, markevery=10)

# 设置标题
# example_utils.title(fig, '"ax.plot(x, y, ...)": Lines and/or markers', y=0.95)
# 保存图片
fig.savefig('plot_example.png', facecolor='none')
# 展示图片
plt.show()
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7 matplotlib散点图

对应代码：

"""
散点图的基本用法
"""
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import example_utils

# 随机生成数据
np.random.seed(1874)
x, y, z = np.random.normal(0, 1, (3, 100))
t = np.arctan2(y, x)
size = 50 * np.cos(2 * t)**2 + 10

fig, axes = example_utils.setup_axes()

# 子图1
axes[0].scatter(x, y, marker='o',  color='darkblue', facecolor='white', s=80)
example_utils.label(axes[0], 'scatter(x, y)')

# 子图2
axes[1].scatter(x, y, marker='s', color='darkblue', s=size)
example_utils.label(axes[1], 'scatter(x, y, s)')

# 子图3
axes[2].scatter(x, y, s=size, c=z,  cmap='gist_ncar')
example_utils.label(axes[2], 'scatter(x, y, s, c)')

# example_utils.title(fig, '"ax.scatter(...)": Colored/scaled markers',
#                     y=0.95)
fig.savefig('scatter_example.png', facecolor='none')

plt.show()


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8 matplotlib柱状图

对应代码：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import example_utils


def main():
    fig, axes = example_utils.setup_axes()

    basic_bar(axes[0])
    tornado(axes[1])
    general(axes[2])

    # example_utils.title(fig, '"ax.bar(...)": Plot rectangles')
    fig.savefig('bar_example.png', facecolor='none')
    plt.show()

# 子图1
def basic_bar(ax):
    y = [1, 3, 4, 5.5, 3, 2]
    err = [0.2, 1, 2.5, 1, 1, 0.5]
    x = np.arange(len(y))
    ax.bar(x, y, yerr=err, color='lightblue', ecolor='black')
    ax.margins(0.05)
    ax.set_ylim(bottom=0)
    example_utils.label(ax, 'bar(x, y, yerr=e)')

# 子图2
def tornado(ax):
    y = np.arange(8)
    x1 = y + np.random.random(8) + 1
    x2 = y + 3 * np.random.random(8) + 1
    ax.barh(y, x1, color='lightblue')
    ax.barh(y, -x2, color='salmon')
    ax.margins(0.15)
    example_utils.label(ax, 'barh(x, y)')

# 子图3
def general(ax):
    num = 10
    left = np.random.randint(0, 10, num)
    bottom = np.random.randint(0, 10, num)
    width = np.random.random(num) + 0.5
    height = np.random.random(num) + 0.5
    ax.bar(left, height, width, bottom, color='salmon')
    ax.margins(0.15)
    example_utils.label(ax, 'bar(l, h, w, b)')


main()


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9 matplotlib等高线图

对应代码：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.cbook import get_sample_data

import example_utils

z = np.load(get_sample_data('bivariate_normal.npy'))

fig, axes = example_utils.setup_axes()

axes[0].contour(z, cmap='gist_earth')
example_utils.label(axes[0], 'contour')

axes[1].contourf(z, cmap='gist_earth')
example_utils.label(axes[1], 'contourf')

axes[2].contourf(z, cmap='gist_earth')
cont = axes[2].contour(z, colors='black')
axes[2].clabel(cont, fontsize=6)
example_utils.label(axes[2], 'contourf + contour\n + clabel')

# example_utils.title(fig, '"contour, contourf, clabel": Contour/label 2D data',
#                     y=0.96)
fig.savefig('contour_example.png', facecolor='none')

plt.show()


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10 imshow图

对应代码：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.cbook import get_sample_data
from mpl_toolkits import axes_grid1

import example_utils


def main():
    fig, axes = setup_axes()
    plot(axes, *load_data())
    # example_utils.title(fig, '"ax.imshow(data, ...)": Colormapped or RGB arrays')
    fig.savefig('imshow_example.png', facecolor='none')
    plt.show()


def plot(axes, img_data, scalar_data, ny):

    # 默认线性插值
    axes[0].imshow(scalar_data, cmap='gist_earth', extent=[0, ny, ny, 0])

    # 最近邻插值
    axes[1].imshow(scalar_data, cmap='gist_earth', interpolation='nearest',
                   extent=[0, ny, ny, 0])

    # 展示RGB/RGBA数据
    axes[2].imshow(img_data)


def load_data():
    img_data = plt.imread(get_sample_data('5.png'))
    ny, nx, nbands = img_data.shape
    scalar_data = np.load(get_sample_data('bivariate_normal.npy'))
    return img_data, scalar_data, ny


def setup_axes():
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 3))
    axes = axes_grid1.ImageGrid(fig, [0, 0, .93, 1], (1, 3), axes_pad=0)

    for ax in axes:
        ax.set(xticks=[], yticks=[])
    return fig, axes


main()
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11 pyecharts绘制仪表盘

使用pip install pyecharts 安装，版本为 v1.6，pyecharts绘制仪表盘，只需要几行代码：

from pyecharts import charts

# 仪表盘
gauge = charts.Gauge()
gauge.add('Python小例子', [('Python机器学习', 30), ('Python基础', 70.),
                        ('Python正则', 90)])
gauge.render(path="./data/仪表盘.html")
print('ok')


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仪表盘中共展示三项，每项的比例为30%,70%,90%，如下图默认名称显示第一项：Python机器学习，完成比例为30%

12 pyecharts漏斗图

from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Funnel, Page
from random import randint

def funnel_base() -> Funnel:
  c = (
    Funnel()
    .add("豪车", [list(z) for z in zip(['宝马', '法拉利', '奔驰', '奥迪', '大众', '丰田', '特斯拉'],
                 [randint(1, 20) for _ in range(7)])])
    .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="豪车漏斗图"))
  )
  return c
funnel_base().render('./img/car_fnnel.html')
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以7种车型及某个属性值绘制的漏斗图，属性值大越靠近漏斗的大端。

13 pyecharts日历图

import datetime
import random
from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Calendar

def calendar_interval_1() -> Calendar:
    begin = datetime.date(2019, 1, 1)
    end = datetime.date(2019, 12, 27)
    data = [
        [str(begin + datetime.timedelta(days=i)), random.randint(1000, 25000)]
        for i in range(0, (end - begin).days + 1, 2)  # 隔天统计
    ]
    calendar = (
      Calendar(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(width="1200px")).add(
            "", data, calendar_opts=opts.CalendarOpts(range_="2019"))
        .set_global_opts(
            title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Calendar-2019年步数统计"),
            visualmap_opts=opts.VisualMapOpts(
                max_=25000,
                min_=1000,
                orient="horizontal",
                is_piecewise=True,
                pos_top="230px",
                pos_left="100px",
            ),
        )
    )
    return calendar

calendar_interval_1().render('./img/calendar.html')
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绘制2019年1月1日到12月27日的步行数，官方给出的图形宽度900px
不够，只能显示到9月份，本例使用opts.InitOpts(width="1200px")
做出微调，并且visualmap
显示所有步数，每隔一天显示一次：

14 pyecharts绘制graph图

import json
import os
from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Graph, Page

def graph_base() -> Graph:
    nodes = [
        {"name": "cus1", "symbolSize": 10},
        {"name": "cus2", "symbolSize": 30},
        {"name": "cus3", "symbolSize": 20}
    ]
    links = []
    for i in nodes:
        if i.get('name') == 'cus1':
            continue
        for j in nodes:
            if j.get('name') == 'cus1':
                continue
            links.append({"source": i.get("name"), "target": j.get("name")})
    c = (
        Graph()
        .add("", nodes, links, repulsion=8000)
        .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="customer-influence"))
    )
    return c


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构建图，其中客户点1与其他两个客户都没有关系(link
)，也就是不存在有效边：

15 pyecharts水球图

from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Liquid, Page
from pyecharts.globals import SymbolType

def liquid() -> Liquid:
    c = (
        Liquid()
        .add("lq", [0.67, 0.30, 0.15])
        .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Liquid"))
    )
    return c

liquid().render('./img/liquid.html')


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水球图的取值[0.67, 0.30, 0.15]
表示下图中的三个波浪线
，一般代表三个百分比:

16 pyecharts饼图

from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Pie
from random import randint

def pie_base() -> Pie:
    c = (
        Pie()
        .add("", [list(z) for z in zip(['宝马', '法拉利', '奔驰', '奥迪', '大众', '丰田', '特斯拉'],
                                       [randint(1, 20) for _ in range(7)])])
        .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Pie-基本示例"))
        .set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(formatter="{b}: {c}"))
    )
    return c

pie_base().render('./img/pie_pyecharts.html')

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17 pyecharts极坐标图

import random
from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Page, Polar

def polar_scatter0() -> Polar:
    data = [(alpha, random.randint(1, 100)) for alpha in range(101)] # r = random.randint(1, 100)
    print(data)
    c = (
        Polar()
        .add("", data, type_="bar", label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=False))
        .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Polar"))
    )
    return c

polar_scatter0().render('./img/polar.html')


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极坐标表示为(夹角,半径)
，如(6,94)表示夹角为6，半径94的点：

18 pyecharts词云图

from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Page, WordCloud
from pyecharts.globals import SymbolType

words = [
    ("Python", 100),
    ("C++", 80),
    ("Java", 95),
    ("R", 50),
    ("JavaScript", 79),
    ("C", 65)
]

def wordcloud() -> WordCloud:
    c = (
        WordCloud()
        # word_size_range: 单词字体大小范围
        .add("", words, word_size_range=[20, 100], shape='cardioid')
        .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="WordCloud"))
    )
    return c

wordcloud().render('./img/wordcloud.html')


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("C",65)
表示在本次统计中C语言出现65次

19 pyecharts系列柱状图

from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import Bar
from random import randint

def bar_series() -> Bar:
    c = (
        Bar()
        .add_xaxis(['宝马', '法拉利', '奔驰', '奥迪', '大众', '丰田', '特斯拉'])
        .add_yaxis("销量", [randint(1, 20) for _ in range(7)])
        .add_yaxis("产量", [randint(1, 20) for _ in range(7)])
        .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Bar的主标题", subtitle="Bar的副标题"))
    )
    return c

bar_series().render('./img/bar_series.html')
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20 pyecharts热力图

import random
from pyecharts import options as opts
from pyecharts.charts import HeatMap

def heatmap_car() -> HeatMap:
    x = ['宝马', '法拉利', '奔驰', '奥迪', '大众', '丰田', '特斯拉']
    y = ['中国','日本','南非','澳大利亚','阿根廷','阿尔及利亚','法国','意大利','加拿大']
    value = [[i, j, random.randint(0, 100)]
             for i in range(len(x)) for j in range(len(y))]
    c = (
        HeatMap()
        .add_xaxis(x)
        .add_yaxis("销量", y, value)
        .set_global_opts(
            title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="HeatMap"),
            visualmap_opts=opts.VisualMapOpts(),
        )
    )
    return c

heatmap_car().render('./img/heatmap_pyecharts.html')


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热力图描述的实际是三维关系，x轴表示车型，y轴表示国家，每个色块的颜色值代表销量，颜色刻度尺显示在左下角，颜色越红表示销量越大。