学习目标
学习表的约束、表的默认值、自增类型等技术
课程学习
1.创建表的时候定义列级约束
-- 创建表的时候为表定义列级约束:在列级定义了primary key约束(id列)和not null约束(name列)。 drop table if exists test; create table test( id bigint primary key, name varchar(50) not null, age int ); --插入数据 insert into test values(1,'user1',50); --查看数据 select * from test; --查看约束 \d test
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2.创建表的时候定义表级约束
--创建表时定义表级约束 执行下面的SQL语句,在创建表的时候为表定义表级约束: #这里在表列级定义了primary key约束(id列),在列级定义了not null约束(name列)。 drop table if exists test001; create table test001( id bigint, name varchar(50) not null, -- 创建列级not null约束 age int, primary key(id) -- 创建表级约束 ); insert into test001 values(1,'user1',50); select * from test001; \d test001
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3.为表的属性定义默认值
–执行下面的语句,在创建表的时候为表的某个列定义默认值:
drop table if exists test002; create table test002( id bigint, name varchar(28) not null, age int default 20, -- 为该列定义默认值为20 primary key(id) );
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insert into test002(id,name) values(1,'user1'); insert into test002(id,name) values(2,'user2'); select * from test002;
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4.如果在创建表的时候,没有为某列定义默认值,缺省的默认值是空值null。
-- 未定义age列的默认值,如果插入数据时未提供该列的值,则将默认插入空值null drop table if exists test; create table test( id bigint, name varchar(50) not null, age int, primary key(id) ); insert into test(id,name) values(1,'user1'); select * from test;
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5.创建表时使用自增数据类型
商品发.票的编号通常按顺序递增。这种情况可以使用serial数据类型。最简单方法直接使用serial数据类型。
--创建一个带有serial数据类型的测试表invoice: drop table if exists invoice; create table invoice(invoicenum serial NOT NULL,name varchar(20)); --为表invoice插入3条记录,并查看插入数据后的表的数据: insert into invoice(name) values('user1'); insert into invoice(name) values('user2'); insert into invoice(name) values('user3');
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select * from invoice;
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6.使用现有的表创建新表
–执行下面的SQL语句,将创建新表,并且会将旧表的数据拷贝给新表:
DROP TABLE if exists newtestwithdata; CREATE TABLE newtestwithdata AS SELECT * FROM invoice; SELECT * FROM newtestwithdata;
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–执行下面的SQL语句,创建和旧表的表结构相同的新表,但是不会将旧表的数据拷贝给新表:
DROP TABLE if exists testnewwithoutdata; CREATE TABLE testnewwithoutdata AS SELECT * FROM invoice WHERE 1=2; SELECT * FROM testnewwithoutdata;
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课程作业
1.创建表的时候定义列级约束
drop table if exists test; create table test( id bigint primary key, name varchar(50) not null, age int ); -–插入数据 insert into test values(1,'user1',50); -–查看数据 select * from test; -–查看约束 \d test
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omm=# drop table if exists test;
NOTICE: table “test” does not exist, skipping
DROP TABLE
omm=# omm(# create table test(
id bigint primary key,
omm(# name varchar(50) not null,
omm(# age int
omm(# );
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index “test_pkey” for table “test”
CREATE TABLE
omm-# insert into test values(1,‘user1’,50);
omm-# select * from test;
ERROR: syntax error at or near “-”
omm=# -–查看约束
omm-# \d test
Table “public.test”
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------±----------------------±----------
id | bigint | not null
name | character varying(50) | not null
age | integer |
Indexes:
“test_pkey” PRIMARY KEY, btree (id) TABLESPACE pg_default
2.创建表的时候定义表级约束
drop table if exists test001; create table test001( id bigint, name varchar(50) not null, age int, primary key(id) ); insert into test001 values(1,'user1',500); select * from test001; \d test001
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omm=# drop table if exists test001;
NOTICE: table “test001” does not exist, skipping
DROP TABLE
omm=# create table test001(
omm(# id bigint,
omm(# name varchar(50) not null,
omm(# age int,
omm(# primary key(id)
omm(# );
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index “test001_pkey” for table “test001”
CREATE TABLE
omm=# insert into test001 values(1,‘user1’,500);
INSERT 0 1
omm=# select * from test001;
id | name | age
----±------±----
1 | user1 | 500
(1 row)
omm=# \d test001
Table “public.test001”
Column | Type | Modifiers
--------±----------------------±----------
id | bigint | not null
name | character varying(50) | not null
age | integer |
Indexes:
“test001_pkey” PRIMARY KEY, btree (id) TABLESPACE pg_default
3.为表的属性定义默认值
drop table if exists test002; create table test002( id bigint, name varchar(28) not null, age int default 20, primary key(id) ); -–下面的SQL insert语句,在向表test插入数据时,没有提供age列的值: insert into test002(id,name) values(1,'user1'); insert into test002(id,name) values(2,'user2');
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omm=# drop table if exists test002;
NOTICE: table “test002” does not exist, skipping
DROP TABLE
omm=# create table test002(
omm(# id bigint,
omm(# name varchar(28) not null,
omm(# age int default 20,
omm(# primary key(id)
);omm(#
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index “test002_pkey” for table “test002”
CREATE TABLE
omm=# insert into test002(id,name) values(1,‘user1’);
INSERT 0 1
omm=# insert into test002(id,name) values(2,‘user2’);
INSERT 0 1
omm=#
4.如果在创建表的时候,没有为某列定义默认值,缺省的默认值是空值null
-– 未定义age列的默认值,如果插入数据时未提供该列的值,则将默认插入空值null
drop table if exists test; create table test( id bigint, name varchar(50) not null, age int, primary key(id) ); insert into test(id,name) values(1,'user1'); select * from test;
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omm=#
drop table if exists test;
DROP TABLE
omm=# id bigint,
omm(# create table test(
omm(# name varchar(50) not null,
omm(# age int,
omm(# primary key(id)
omm(# );
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index “test_pkey” for table “test”
CREATE TABLE
omm=# insert into test(id,name) values(1,‘‘user1’);
ERROR: type “‘” does not exist
LINE 1: insert into test(id,name) values(1,‘‘user1’);
^
omm=# insert into test(id,name) values(1,‘user1’);
INSERT 0 1
omm=# select * from test;
id | name | age
----±------±----
1 | user1 |
(1 row)
5.创建表时使用自增数据类型
-–创建一个带有serial数据类型的测试表invoice: drop table if exists invoice; create table invoice(invoicenum serial NOT NULL,name varchar(20)); -–为表invoice插入3条记录,并查看插入数据后的表的数据: insert into invoice(name) values('user1'); insert into invoice(name) values('user2'); insert into invoice(name) values('user3'); select * from invoice;
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omm=# drop table if exists invoice;
NOTICE: table “invoice” does not exist, skipping
DROP TABLE
omm=# create table invoice(invoicenum serial NOT NULL,name varchar(20));
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence “invoice_invoicenum_seq” for serial column “invoice.invoicenum”
CREATE TABLE
omm=# insert into invoice(name) values(‘user1’);
INSERT 0 1
omm=# insert into invoice(name) values(‘user2’);
INSERT 0 1
omm=# insert into invoice(name) values(‘user3’);
INSERT 0 1
omm=#
omm=# select * from invoice;
invoicenum | name
------------±------
1 | user1
2 | user2omm=#
3 | user3
(3 rows)
6.使用现有的表创建新表
-–执行下面的SQL语句,将创建新表,并且会将旧表的数据拷贝给新表:
DROP TABLE if exists newtestwithdata;
CREATE TABLE newtestwithdata AS SELECT * FROM invoice;
SELECT * FROM newtestwithdata;
DROP TABLE if exists newtestwithdata;
CREATE TABLE newtestwithdata AS SELECT * FROM invoice;
SELECT * FROM newtestwithdata;
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