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PostgreSQ基础入门SQL开发精华电子书.pdf
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PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL
√ PostgreSQL是加州大学伯克利分校计算机系开发的，一个开源免费的关系式数据库管理系统，经过长达15年以上的积极开发和不断改进，
PostgreSQL已在可靠性、稳定性、数据一致性等获得了业内相对高的声誉。
√ PostgreSQL可以运行在所有主流操作系统上，包括Linux、AIX、HP-UX、Solaris和Windows等34种平台。
√ PostgreSQL是完全的事务安全性数据库，完整地支持外键、联合、视图、触发器和存储过程（并支持多种语言开发存储过程)。
√ PostgreSQL支持了大多数SQL标准的数据类型，包括整型、数值型、布尔型、字节型、字符型、日期型、时间型、二进制的大对像（图
片、声音和视频）。
√ PostgreSQL的存储过程开发可以使用众多的程序语言，包括Java、Perl、Python、Ruby、Tcl、C/C++和自带的PL/pgSQL，其中的
PL/pgSQL与Oracle的PL/SQL很相似，内置了数百个函数，功能从基本的算术计算和字符串处理到加密逻辑计算并与Oracle有高度兼容性。
√ PostgreSQL对很多高级开发语言有原生的编程接口，如C/C++、Java、.Net、Perl、Python、Ruby、Tcl和ODBC以及其他语言等，也包含各
种文档。
√ PostgreSQL有很多高级功能，像多版本并发控制(MVCC)、按时间点恢复(PITR)、表空间、异步复制、嵌套事务、在线热备、复杂查询的规
划和优化以及为容错而进行的预写日志等。
√ PostgreSQL支持国际字符集、多字节编码并支持使用当地语言进行排序、大小写处理和格式化等操作。
√ PostqreSQL有很多高品质的图形化的PostgreSQL管理工具软件，包括开源和商业性质的。
√ PostgreSQL的源代码可以自由获取，它的授权是在非常自由的开源授权下，这种授权允许用户在各种开源或是闭源项目中使用、修改和发
布PostgreSQL的源代码。用户对源代码的可以按用户意愿进行任何修改、改进。
√目前有不少业务系统使用PostgreSQL在实际生产环境下管理着超过4TB的数据。
√ PostgreSQL的快速发展是由于MySQL被Oracle公司收购导致的，同时在2019年微软官宣收购PostgreSQL初创公司Citus Data。
PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL
默认情况下 PostgreSQL 安装完成后，自带了一个命令行工具 SQLShell(psql)。
Linux 系统可以直接切换到 postgres 用户来开启命令行工具：
Windows 系统一般在它的安装目录下：
Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)
MacOS 我们直接搜索就可以了找到：
进入命令行工具，我们可以使用 \help 来查看各个命令的语法 ：
例如，我们查看下 select 语句的语法：
# sudo -i -u postgres
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postgres-# \help <command_name>
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postgres-# \?
General
\copyright show PostgreSQL usage and distribution terms
\crosstabview [COLUMNS] execute query and display results in crosstab
\errverbose show most recent error message at maximum verbosity
\g [FILE] or ; execute query (and send results to file or |pipe)
\gdesc describe result of query, without executing it
\gexec execute query, then execute each value in its result
\gset [PREFIX] execute query and store results in psql variables
\gx [FILE] as \g, but forces expanded output mode
\q quit psql
\watch [SEC] execute query every SEC seconds
Help
\? [commands] show help on backslash commands
\? options show help on psql command-line options
\? variables show help on special variables
\h [NAME] help on syntax of SQL commands, * for all commands
Query Buffer
\e [FILE] [LINE] edit the query buffer (or file) with external editor
\ef [FUNCNAME [LINE]] edit function definition with external editor
\ev [VIEWNAME [LINE]] edit view definition with external editor
\p show the contents of the query buffer
\r reset (clear) the query buffer
\w FILE write query buffer to file
Input/Output
\copy ... perform SQL COPY with data stream to the client host
\echo [STRING] write string to standard output
\i FILE execute commands from file
\ir FILE as \i, but relative to location of current script
\o [FILE] send all query results to file or |pipe
\qecho [STRING] write string to query output stream (see \o)
Conditional
\if EXPR begin conditional block
\elif EXPR alternative within current conditional block
\else final alternative within current conditional block
\endif end conditional block
Informational
(options: S = show system objects, + = additional detail)
\d[S+] list tables, views, and sequences
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\d[S+] NAME describe table, view, sequence, or index
\da[S] [PATTERN] list aggregates
\dA[+] [PATTERN] list access methods
\db[+] [PATTERN] list tablespaces
\dc[S+] [PATTERN] list conversions
\dC[+] [PATTERN] list casts
\dd[S] [PATTERN] show object descriptions not displayed elsewhere
\dD[S+] [PATTERN] list domains
\ddp [PATTERN] list default privileges
\dE[S+] [PATTERN] list foreign tables
\det[+] [PATTERN] list foreign tables
\des[+] [PATTERN] list foreign servers
\deu[+] [PATTERN] list user mappings
\dew[+] [PATTERN] list foreign-data wrappers
\df[anptw][S+] [PATRN] list [only agg/normal/procedures/trigger/window] functions
\dF[+] [PATTERN] list text search configurations
\dFd[+] [PATTERN] list text search dictionaries
\dFp[+] [PATTERN] list text search parsers
\dFt[+] [PATTERN] list text search templates
\dg[S+] [PATTERN] list roles
\di[S+] [PATTERN] list indexes
\dl list large objects, same as \lo_list
\dL[S+] [PATTERN] list procedural languages
\dm[S+] [PATTERN] list materialized views
\dn[S+] [PATTERN] list schemas
\do[S] [PATTERN] list operators
\dO[S+] [PATTERN] list collations
\dp [PATTERN] list table, view, and sequence access privileges
\drds [PATRN1 [PATRN2]] list per-database role settings
\dRp[+] [PATTERN] list replication publications
\dRs[+] [PATTERN] list replication subscriptions
\ds[S+] [PATTERN] list sequences
\dt[S+] [PATTERN] list tables
\dT[S+] [PATTERN] list data types
\du[S+] [PATTERN] list roles
\dv[S+] [PATTERN] list views
\dx[+] [PATTERN] list extensions
\dy [PATTERN] list event triggers
\l[+] [PATTERN] list databases
\sf[+] FUNCNAME show a function's definition
\sv[+] VIEWNAME show a view's definition
\z [PATTERN] same as \dp
Formatting
\a toggle between unaligned and aligned output mode
\C [STRING] set table title, or unset if none
\f [STRING] show or set field separator for unaligned query output
\H toggle HTML output mode (currently off)
\pset [NAME [VALUE]] set table output option
(NAME := {border|columns|expanded|fieldsep|fieldsep_zero|
footer|format|linestyle|null|numericlocale|pager|
pager_min_lines|recordsep|recordsep_zero|tableattr|title|
tuples_only|unicode_border_linestyle|
unicode_column_linestyle|unicode_header_linestyle})
\t [on|off] show only rows (currently off)
\T [STRING] set HTML <table> tag attributes, or unset if none
\x [on|off|auto] toggle expanded output (currently off)
Connection
\c[onnect] {[DBNAME|- USER|- HOST|- PORT|-] | conninfo}
connect to new database (currently "lhrpgdb")
\conninfo display information about current connection
\encoding [ENCODING] show or set client encoding
\password [USERNAME] securely change the password for a user
Operating System
\cd [DIR] change the current working directory
\setenv NAME [VALUE] set or unset environment variable
\timing [on|off] toggle timing of commands (currently off)
\! [COMMAND] execute command in shell or start interactive shell
Variables
\prompt [TEXT] NAME prompt user to set internal variable
\set [NAME [VALUE]] set internal variable, or list all if no parameters
\unset NAME unset (delete) internal variable
Large Objects
\lo_export LOBOID FILE
\lo_import FILE [COMMENT]
\lo_list
\lo_unlink LOBOID large object operations
postgres=# \help select
Command: SELECT
Description: retrieve rows from a table or view
Syntax:
[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ]
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
[ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
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