Oracle 10g备份集压缩（Backupset Compression）

从Oracle 10g开始，Oracle允许我们对备份集进行压缩，以减少空间耗用，这个特性通过对BACKUP命令伴增加AS COMPRESSED BACKUPSET子句实现。

压缩备份在恢复时无需解压缩，这一特性在以下条件下可能大为有益：

• 备份存储空间有限；
• 通过网络备份而带宽有限；
• 直接备份至磁带、CD、DVD介质不能直接压缩。

可以选择在备份命令里显示指定压缩选项：
BACKUP AS COMPRESSED BACKUPSET DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;

也可以仅对部分文件进行压缩，例如，对1、5文件压缩备份：
BACKUP AS COMPRESSED BACKUPSET DATAFILE 1,5;

也可以配置RMAN指定压缩选项：
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO COMPRESSED BACKUPSET;

但是需要了解的是，压缩备份会消耗更多的CPU资源以及时间，不同的技术只不过是在不同资源间的一种平衡，如何选择依赖于我们的条件及需求。

可以修改一下RMAN的配置参数，以方便测试：

RMAN> configure device type disk backup type to compressed backupset;

old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK BACKUP TYPE TO COMPRESSED BACKUPSET PARALLELISM 1;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK BACKUP TYPE TO COMPRESSED BACKUPSET PARALLELISM 1;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
released channel: ORA_DISK_1
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此时执行备份，备份集将被压缩：

RMAN> backup full filesperset 11 database ;

Starting backup at 29-MAR-05
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=161 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
input datafile fno=00009 name=/data1/oradata/systemfile/bigtbs.dbf
。。。。。。。
input datafile fno=00005 name=/data1/oradata/systemfile/eygle01.dbf
piece handle=/backupset/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20050329T062814_14k1813y_.bkp 
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:08:35
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting compressed full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
input datafile fno=00011 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/eygle/t2k01.dbf
piece handle=/backupset/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20050329T062814_14k1r4fh_.bkp 
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
Finished backup at 29-MAR-05
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注意压缩备耗时为00:08:35 + 00:00:07 = 8:42 = 522s。再来看一下非压缩备份：

RMAN> CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK BACKUP TYPE TO backupset;

old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK BACKUP TYPE TO COMPRESSED BACKUPSET PARALLELISM 1;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET PARALLELISM 1;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored

RMAN> backup full filesperset 11 database ;
Starting backup at 29-MAR-05
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=161 devtype=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
input datafile fno=00009 name=/data1/oradata/systemfile/bigtbs.dbf
input datafile fno=00005 name=/data1/oradata/systemfile/eygle01.dbf
piece handle=/backupset/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20050329T065513_14k2tmx7_.bkp 
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:55
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
input datafile fno=00011 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/eygle/t2k01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 29-MAR-05
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 29-MAR-05
piece handle=/backupset/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20050329T065513_14k2y7go_.bkp 
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
Finished backup at 29-MAR-05
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非压缩备份耗时为00:01:55 + 00:00:07 = 2:02 = 122s。压缩备份使用的时间是非压缩方式的522 / 122 = 4.28 倍。再来对比一下压缩比率：

$ ls -l
total 2585568
-rw-r-----   1 oracle   dba      190103552 Mar 29 06:36 o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20050329T062814_14k1813y_.bkp
-rw-r-----   1 oracle   dba      1093632 Mar 29 06:36 o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20050329T062814_14k1r4fh_.bkp
-rw-r-----   1 oracle   dba      1130618880 Mar 29 06:57 o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20050329T065513_14k2tmx7_.bkp
-rw-r-----   1 oracle   dba      1302528 Mar 29 06:57 o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20050329T065513_14k2y7go_.bkp
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可以知道，压缩备份大小为190103552 + 1093632 = 182.33984375 MB，非压缩备份集为1130618880 + 1302528 = 1079.484375 MB，非压缩较压缩大小为1079.484375/182.33984375 = 5.9倍，即压缩方式大大节省了空间。

测试过程中收集了CPU消耗信息，再来比较一下备份进程的CPU消耗。

压缩备份时CPU消耗如下，大约在26%左右。

   PID USERNAME THR PR NCE  SIZE   RES STATE   TIME FLTS    CPU COMMAND
 15252 oracle    11 10   0  430M  353M cpu01   1:38    0 26.35% oracle
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而非压缩模式下CPU消耗如下，大约为16%左右。

   PID USERNAME THR PR NCE  SIZE   RES STATE   TIME FLTS    CPU COMMAND
 15252 oracle    11 52   0  445M  364M sleep   9:07   57 16.43% oracle
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可见，压缩模式较非压缩模式多消耗10%左右的CPU。看来选择哪一种模式要依赖你的环境及需要，但是毕竟Oracle提供了更多的可选项给我们。