PolarDB-PG原理解读——ANALYZE 源码解读（三）

PolarDB PostgreSQL版（以下简称 PolarDB-PG）是一款阿里云自主研发的企业级数据库产品，采用计算存储分离架构，兼容 PostgreSQL 与 Oracle。PolarDB-PG 的存储与计算能力均可横向扩展，具有高可靠、高可用、弹性扩展等企业级数据库特性。同时，PolarDB-PG 具有大规模并行计算能力，可以应对 OLTP 与 OLAP 混合负载；还具有时空、向量、搜索、图谱等多模创新特性，可以满足企业对数据处理日新月异的新需求。

Most Common Elements

/*
 * A "most common elements" slot is similar to a "most common values" slot,
 * except that it stores the most common non-null *elements* of the column
 * values.  This is useful when the column datatype is an array or some other
 * type with identifiable elements (for instance, tsvector).  staop contains
 * the equality operator appropriate to the element type, and stacoll
 * contains the collation to use with it.  stavalues contains
 * the most common element values, and stanumbers their frequencies.  Unlike
 * MCV slots, frequencies are measured as the fraction of non-null rows the
 * element value appears in, not the frequency of all rows.  Also unlike
 * MCV slots, the values are sorted into the element type's default order
 * (to support binary search for a particular value).  Since this puts the
 * minimum and maximum frequencies at unpredictable spots in stanumbers,
 * there are two extra members of stanumbers, holding copies of the minimum
 * and maximum frequencies.  Optionally, there can be a third extra member,
 * which holds the frequency of null elements (expressed in the same terms:
 * the fraction of non-null rows that contain at least one null element).  If
 * this member is omitted, the column is presumed to contain no null elements.
 *
 * Note: in current usage for tsvector columns, the stavalues elements are of
 * type text, even though their representation within tsvector is not
 * exactly text.
 */
#define STATISTIC_KIND_MCELEM  4

与 MCV 类似，但是保存的是列中的 最常见元素，主要用于数组等类型。同样，在 staop 中保存了等值运算符用于判断元素出现的频率高低。但与 MCV 不同的是这里的频率计算的分母是非空的行，而不是所有的行。另外，所有的常见元素使用元素对应数据类型的默认顺序进行排序，以便二分查找。

Distinct Elements Count Histogram

/*
 * A "distinct elements count histogram" slot describes the distribution of
 * the number of distinct element values present in each row of an array-type
 * column.  Only non-null rows are considered, and only non-null elements.
 * staop contains the equality operator appropriate to the element type,
 * and stacoll contains the collation to use with it.
 * stavalues is not used and should be NULL.  The last member of stanumbers is
 * the average count of distinct element values over all non-null rows.  The
 * preceding M (>=2) members form a histogram that divides the population of
 * distinct-elements counts into M-1 bins of approximately equal population.
 * The first of these is the minimum observed count, and the last the maximum.
 */
#define STATISTIC_KIND_DECHIST  5

表示列中出现所有数值的频率分布直方图。stanumbers 数组的前 M 个元素是将列中所有唯一值的出现次数大致均分到 M - 1 个桶中的边界值。后续跟上一个所有唯一值的平均出现次数。这个统计信息应该会被用于计算 选择率。

Length Histogram

/*
 * A "length histogram" slot describes the distribution of range lengths in
 * rows of a range-type column. stanumbers contains a single entry, the
 * fraction of empty ranges. stavalues is a histogram of non-empty lengths, in
 * a format similar to STATISTIC_KIND_HISTOGRAM: it contains M (>=2) range
 * values that divide the column data values into M-1 bins of approximately
 * equal population. The lengths are stored as float8s, as measured by the
 * range type's subdiff function. Only non-null rows are considered.
 */
#define STATISTIC_KIND_RANGE_LENGTH_HISTOGRAM  6

长度直方图描述了一个范围类型的列的范围长度分布。同样也是一个长度为 M 的直方图，保存在 stanumbers 中。

Bounds Histogram

/*
 * A "bounds histogram" slot is similar to STATISTIC_KIND_HISTOGRAM, but for
 * a range-type column.  stavalues contains M (>=2) range values that divide
 * the column data values into M-1 bins of approximately equal population.
 * Unlike a regular scalar histogram, this is actually two histograms combined
 * into a single array, with the lower bounds of each value forming a
 * histogram of lower bounds, and the upper bounds a histogram of upper
 * bounds.  Only non-NULL, non-empty ranges are included.
 */
#define STATISTIC_KIND_BOUNDS_HISTOGRAM  7

边界直方图同样也被用于范围类型，与数据分布直方图类似。stavalues 中保存了使该列数值大致均分到 M - 1 个桶中的 M 个范围边界值。只考虑非空行。