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delve使用笔记

代码炼金工坊 2021-03-08
2244

delve[1](以下简称dlv)是一个go语言debug工具。

如果读者有使用Goland进行debug的经验,应该很熟悉如下场景——

当我们进行debug的时候,只需要在代码对应的地方打上断点,然后右键main
或者Test*
开头函数旁边的绿色三角箭头标记,选择debug,IDE就会自动执行到断点处并暂停程序的运行。接着我们在IDE下方弹出的Debug窗口里,点击黄色的箭头(Step Info
)就可以进行单步调试;同时我们还可以在Vriables框里看到该函数中被分配的变量类型及其内容等信息;在frame窗口里可以切换不同的goroutine并查看相应的栈帧,以及选择某一帧查看当时的信息。

这是JetBrains编辑器的福利之一(实际上也是使用dlv实现的),而一旦我们因为许可证问题(比如开源许可证不可用于商业开发)不能使用Goland,又该怎么进行debug呢?答案当然是开头提到的dlv。

快速开始

dlv的获取方式很简单,和平时拉取go第三方库的方式一样,执行go get -u github.com/go-delve/delve/cmd/dlv
即可。

 tree
.
├── README.md
└── dlv
└── main.go
复制

打开你的终端,进入项目所在的根目录——本文以使用了go module管理的yuchanns/gobyexample[2]为例,它的module名为github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample
,项目结构如上——本例子试图对根目录下的dlv文件夹中的main.go文件进行debug;然后执行dlv debug github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample/dlv
开启了debug会话框:

dlv debug github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample/dlv
Type 'help' for list of commands.
(dlv)
复制

键入funs main
,得到包含main字眼的函数的信息,其中,属于用户编写的入口main函数为main.main
;接着输入b main.main
对该函数进行断点标记,然后键入c
直接运行到该断点处,可以看到会话输出了函数的内容:

(dlv) funcs main
main.main
runtime.main
runtime.main.func1
runtime.main.func2
(dlv) b main.main
Breakpoint 1 set at 0x10c2393 for main.main() ./dlv/main.go:5
(dlv) c
> main.main() ./dlv/main.go:5 (hits goroutine(1):1 total:1) (PC: 0x10c2393)
1: package main
2:
3: import "fmt"
4:
=> 5: func main() {
6: greet := "Hello World!"
7: fmt.Println(greet)
8: }
(dlv)
复制

键入s
进行单步调试,连续两次,再键入locals
查看分配的局部变量信息:

(dlv) s
> main.main() ./dlv/main.go:7 (PC: 0x10c23b6)
2:
3: import "fmt"
4:
5: func main() {
6: greet := "Hello World!"
=> 7: fmt.Println(greet)
8: }
(dlv) locals
greet = "Hello World!"
(dlv)
复制

体验和使用Goland自带的debug功能类似!当然,现在读者对上述的操作指令一无所知,不免感到迷惑。接下来笔者将结合help命令对常用的指令进行解释说明。

命令详解

我们以下面这段代码为例,内容为20个goroutine分别进行斐波那契数列的计算:

package main

import (
"fmt"
"sync"
)

func FibIter(a, b, n int) int {
if n == 0 {
return b
}

return FibIter(a+b, a, n-1)
}

func Fib(n int) int {
return FibIter(1, 0, n)
}

func main() {
wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go func(i int) {
r := Fib((i + 1) * 100)
fmt.Println(r)
wg.Done()
}(i)
}
wg.Wait()
}
复制

在开启的debug会话中,键入help
可以查看拥有哪些命令,以及命令的解释。在调试过程中可以经常使用辅助查询命令名称。

(dlv) help
The following commands are available:

Running the program:
call ------------------------ Resumes process, injecting a function call (EXPERIMENTAL!!!)
continue (alias: c) --------- Run until breakpoint or program termination.
next (alias: n) ------------- Step over to next source line.
rebuild --------------------- Rebuild the target executable and restarts it. It does not work if the executable was not built by delve.
restart (alias: r) ---------- Restart process.
step (alias: s) ------------- Single step through program.
step-instruction (alias: si) Single step a single cpu instruction.
stepout (alias: so) --------- Step out of the current function.

Manipulating breakpoints:
break (alias: b) ------- Sets a breakpoint.
breakpoints (alias: bp) Print out info for active breakpoints.
clear ------------------ Deletes breakpoint.
clearall --------------- Deletes multiple breakpoints.
condition (alias: cond) Set breakpoint condition.
on --------------------- Executes a command when a breakpoint is hit.
trace (alias: t) ------- Set tracepoint.

Viewing program variables and memory:
args ----------------- Print function arguments.
display -------------- Print value of an expression every time the program stops.
examinemem (alias: x) Examine memory:
locals --------------- Print local variables.
print (alias: p) ----- Evaluate an expression.
regs ----------------- Print contents of CPU registers.
set ------------------ Changes the value of a variable.
vars ----------------- Print package variables.
whatis --------------- Prints type of an expression.

Listing and switching between threads and goroutines:
goroutine (alias: gr) -- Shows or changes current goroutine
goroutines (alias: grs) List program goroutines.
thread (alias: tr) ----- Switch to the specified thread.
threads ---------------- Print out info for every traced thread.

Viewing the call stack and selecting frames:
deferred --------- Executes command in the context of a deferred call.
down ------------- Move the current frame down.
frame ------------ Set the current frame, or execute command on a different frame.
stack (alias: bt) Print stack trace.
up --------------- Move the current frame up.

Other commands:
config --------------------- Changes configuration parameters.
disassemble (alias: disass) Disassembler.
edit (alias: ed) ----------- Open where you are in $DELVE_EDITOR or $EDITOR
exit (alias: quit | q) ----- Exit the debugger.
funcs ---------------------- Print list of functions.
help (alias: h) ------------ Prints the help message.
libraries ------------------ List loaded dynamic libraries
list (alias: ls | l) ------- Show source code.
source --------------------- Executes a file containing a list of delve commands
sources -------------------- Print list of source files.
types ---------------------- Print list of types

Type help followed by a command for full documentation.
复制

键入help 命令
则可以查看更详细的单个命令使用文档。

笔者暂且先解释几个常用的命令:

exit

退出debug会话,也可以用quit
或者q
来代替。

funcs [<regex>]

打印名称符合正则匹配结果的函数;如果为空,则显示全部函数。

比如说我们要寻找上述的main
函数,输入funcs main
可以找到所有包含main
字符串的函数名。

[goroutine <n>] [frame <m>] list [<linespec>]

查看指定位置源码,可以用ls
代替。

命令前面可以选择查看第几个goroutine或者第几frame的源码,这个暂且不提。

命令后面可以是函数名称,例如FibIter
,也可以是文件名:行数
,例如gobyexample/dlv/main.go:8
,效果一样:

(dlv) l gobyexample/dlv/main.go:8
Showing /Users/yuchanns/Coding/golang/gobyexample/dlv/main.go:8 (PC: 0x10c281f)
3: import (
4: "fmt"
5: "sync"
6: )
7:
8: func FibIter(a, b, n int) int {
9: if n == 0 {
10: return b
11: }
12:
13: return FibIter(a+b, a, n-1)
复制

break [name] <linespec>

进行断点,可以用b
代替。给定断点所在的文件名:行数
(一样可以用函数名代替,但是指定行数更灵活)。

例如笔者要把断点打在main.main
函数的for
关键字处。我们可以先用ls main.main
来查看源码,然后得知文件名以及for
关键字行数为gobyexample/dlv/main.go:22

于是使用b gobyexample/dlv/main.go:22
的方式打上一个断点。

(dlv) ls main.main
Showing /Users/yuchanns/Coding/golang/gobyexample/dlv/main.go:20 (PC: 0x10c2933)
15:
16: func Fib(n int) int {
17: return FibIter(1, 0, n)
18: }
19:
20: func main() {
21: wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
22: for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
23: wg.Add(1)
24: go func(i int) {
25: r := Fib((i + 1) * 100)
(dlv) b gobyexample/dlv/main.go:22
Breakpoint 1 set at 0x10c296a for main.main() ./dlv/main.go:22
复制

continue

运行代码直到断点位置,或者程序终结。可以用c
代替。键入使代码快速运行到上面打断点的位置。

step

单步调试,可以用s
代替,作用就是一步一步执行代码。

比如现在我们停在22行代码,键入s
,前进到23行,22行代码就被运行了;如果再按两下s
,会发现我们不在第24行,而是跳转到了wg.Add
这个函数的内部。

(dlv) c
> main.main() ./dlv/main.go:22 (hits goroutine(1):1 total:1) (PC: 0x10c296a)
17: return FibIter(1, 0, n)
18: }
19:
20: func main() {
21: wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
=> 22: for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
23: wg.Add(1)
24: go func(i int) {
25: r := Fib((i + 1) * 100)
26: fmt.Println(r)
27: wg.Done()
(dlv) s
> main.main() ./dlv/main.go:23 (PC: 0x10c297f)
18: }
19:
20: func main() {
21: wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
22: for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
=> 23: wg.Add(1)
24: go func(i int) {
25: r := Fib((i + 1) * 100)
26: fmt.Println(r)
27: wg.Done()
28: }(i)
(dlv) s
> sync.(*WaitGroup).Add() /usr/local/go/src/sync/waitgroup.go:53 (PC: 0x107c853)
48: // Typically this means the calls to Add should execute before the statement
49: // creating the goroutine or other event to be waited for.
50: // If a WaitGroup is reused to wait for several independent sets of events,
51: // new Add calls must happen after all previous Wait calls have returned.
52: // See the WaitGroup example.
=> 53: func (wg *WaitGroup) Add(delta int) {
54: statep, semap := wg.state()
55: if race.Enabled {
56: _ = *statep // trigger nil deref early
57: if delta < 0 {
58: // Synchronize decrements with Wait.
复制

stepout

标准库的代码,并不是我们此次debug的重点,实际上我们并不想要查看它的细节。那么要如何退出呢?

答案是使用stepout
或者其缩写so
,这样调试器就会快速运行完该函数内部的代码,并跳回main.main

next [count]

再次键入两次s
,因为循环,又回到了23行的wg.Add
处。如果每次都需要进入到函数内部,然后再使用so
跳出,未免也太麻烦了?

这时候我们可以用next
或其缩写n
来跳过wg.Add
执行细节,直接运行到24行。如果在命令上加上数字则可以指定直接运行多少行代码。

goroutines

用于显示当前所有的goroutine情况,以及各自的编号。可在命令后面追加flag,用于决定每条记录的附带显示信息。

该命令可以grs
代替,键入命令,我们发现当前一共有7个goroutine在进行:

(dlv) grs
* Goroutine 1 - User: ./dlv/main.go:22 main.main (0x10c29ce) (thread 145740)
Goroutine 2 - User: /usr/local/go/src/runtime/proc.go:305 runtime.gopark (0x103623b)
Goroutine 3 - User: /usr/local/go/src/runtime/proc.go:305 runtime.gopark (0x103623b)
Goroutine 4 - User: /usr/local/go/src/runtime/proc.go:305 runtime.gopark (0x103623b)
Goroutine 17 - User: /usr/local/go/src/runtime/proc.go:305 runtime.gopark (0x103623b)
Goroutine 19 - User: ./dlv/main.go:13 main.FibIter (0x10c2879) (thread 146294)
Goroutine 20 - User: ./dlv/main.go:24 main.main.func1 (0x10c2a10)
[7 goroutines]
复制

goroutine <id> <command>

刚才我们注意到,虽然键入s可以逐步运行代码,但是仅限于主函数所在的内容,却无法查看到goroutine内部函数的运行状态。

这是就轮到goroutine
派上用场了,该命令也可以用gr
代替,加上grs
命令显示的goroutine编号,可以将debug视角切换到goroutine内部。比如说我们使用gr 19
来查看19号goroutine。然后键入ls
查看当前运行的源码情况:

(dlv) gr 19
Switched from 1 to 19 (thread 146294)
(dlv) ls
> main.FibIter() ./dlv/main.go:13 (PC: 0x10c2879)
8: func FibIter(a, b, n int) int {
9: if n == 0 {
10: return b
11: }
12:
=> 13: return FibIter(a+b, a, n-1)
14: }
15:
16: func Fib(n int) int {
17: return FibIter(1, 0, n)
18: }
复制

此时我们就可以在该goroutine内部进行单步调试,或者打上断点,快速执行等等操作。

注:部分读者可能会发现,输入ls
之后,看到的却是runtime内部的函数或者plan9汇编代码,这是因为goroutine的执行时机不确定,所以看到的不一定是笔者上面这种理想结果。不过不必担心,遇到这种情况可以结合ls
命令以及b
命令,先查出FibIter源码的位置信息,然后打上断点,再使用c
命令直接运行到此处。

args和locals

这两个命令的用法类似,都是[goroutine <n>] [frame <m>] args|locals [-v] [<regex>]
,可以指定goroutine编号或者frame编号,然后加正则匹配名称。作用是用来查看变量的信息。

其中args
用来查看函数入口的形参信息,而locals
则用来查看函数内部分配的实参的信息。

在这个例子中,我们只有形参,键入args
可以看到FibIter函数内部的全部形参信息:

(dlv) args
a = 1
b = 1
n = 99
~r3 = 0
复制

breakpoint和clear和clearall

breakpoint
或简写bp
命令可以打印出目前正在使用中的全部断点信息,其中包括断点名称。

然后执行clear 断点名称
的方式来删除指定的断点;也可以用clearall [<linespec>]
的方式删除所有正则匹配的行数的断点。

(dlv) bp
Breakpoint runtime-fatal-throw at 0x1033970 for runtime.fatalthrow() /usr/local/go/src/runtime/panic.go:1158 (0)
Breakpoint unrecovered-panic at 0x10339e0 for runtime.fatalpanic() /usr/local/go/src/runtime/panic.go:1185 (0)
print runtime.curg._panic.arg
Breakpoint 1 at 0x10c296a for main.main() ./dlv/main.go:22 (1)
Breakpoint 2 at 0x10c281f for main.FibIter() ./dlv/main.go:8 (3)
(dlv) clear 2
Breakpoint 2 cleared at 0x10c281f for main.FibIter() ./dlv/main.go:8
(dlv) bp
Breakpoint runtime-fatal-throw at 0x1033970 for runtime.fatalthrow() /usr/local/go/src/runtime/panic.go:1158 (0)
Breakpoint unrecovered-panic at 0x10339e0 for runtime.fatalpanic() /usr/local/go/src/runtime/panic.go:1185 (0)
print runtime.curg._panic.arg
Breakpoint 1 at 0x10c296a for main.main() ./dlv/main.go:22 (1)
复制

stack和frame

前面的命令中曾提到frame,可能有的读者对此有疑问,现在进行说明。

我们对源码进行调试时,偶尔会产生需要回顾之前运行过的代码片段的信息需求,就好比上面的斐波那契递归,在调试下已经递归了20次,然后需要查看第18次的信息,这时候就可以通过查阅frame来满足需求。

frame实际上是栈帧,即记录了每一个函数调用过程的信息帧。可以用stack
或者简称bt
来获取栈上的帧信息。

每一帧都记录了执行的函数对应的文件地址,可以据此判断哪一帧才是我们需要的。

然后使用frame 帧编号
的方式进入该帧,结合上面的命令查看该帧中的相应信息。

(dlv) bt
0 0x00000000010c2854 in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
1 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
2 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
3 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
4 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
5 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
6 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
7 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
8 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
9 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
10 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
11 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
12 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
13 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
14 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
15 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
16 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
17 0x00000000010c287e in main.FibIter
at ./dlv/main.go:13
18 0x00000000010c28f6 in main.Fib
at ./dlv/main.go:17
19 0x00000000010c2a4a in main.main.func1
at ./dlv/main.go:25
20 0x0000000001063a91 in runtime.goexit
at /usr/local/go/src/runtime/asm_amd64.s:1373
(dlv) frame 1
> main.FibIter() ./dlv/main.go:13 (PC: 0x10c2854)
Frame 1: ./dlv/main.go:13 (PC: 10c287e)
8: func FibIter(a, b, n int) int {
9: if n == 0 {
10: return b
11: }
12:
=> 13: return FibIter(a+b, a, n-1)
14: }
15:
16: func Fib(n int) int {
17: return FibIter(1, 0, n)
18: }
(dlv) args
a = 1597
b = 987
n = 84
~r3 = 0
(dlv)
复制

restart和rebuild

restart
或简写r
命令可以重新起一个进程来进行debug,从头进行,而此次会话设置的断点等信息依旧会保存下来,不需要重新设置断点。

rebuild
则是重新编译二进制,用于如果代码有更新的情况。需要注意的是,如果原本不是由dlv所编译的二进制,此命令不会生效。

更多的命令

限于篇幅,笔者没有把所有的命令都详细写出,其实有了上面的基础,读者在学习其他命令的过程中应当没有什么麻烦。

值得注意的是,其中有一些命令可以相互组合使用:比如说print
b
on
,可以实现每次运行到断点部分时,自动打印出变量信息:

(dlv) b gobyexample/dlv/main.go:8
Breakpoint 2 set at 0x10c281f for main.FibIter() ./dlv/main.go:8
(dlv) on 2 print a
(dlv) c
> main.FibIter() ./dlv/main.go:8 (hits goroutine(34):1 total:2) (PC: 0x10c281f)
a: 2584
> main.FibIter() ./dlv/main.go:8 (hits goroutine(35):1 total:2) (PC: 0x10c281f)
a: 1
3: import (
4: "fmt"
5: "sync"
6: )
7:
=> 8: func FibIter(a, b, n int) int {
9: if n == 0 {
10: return b
11: }
12:
13: return FibIter(a+b, a, n-1)
复制

其他debug方式

前两节,笔者都是围绕dlv debug
命令进行描述。有时候我们因为环境配置等问题,无法直接编译并启动整个二进制文件进行debug。

通常,在测试局部功能时,都是通过编写测试用例进行,dlv自然也支持这种方法。

在此之前,我们也可以执行dlv help
看看除了debug
外都有哪些其他命令:

 dlv help
Delve is a source level debugger for Go programs.

Delve enables you to interact with your program by controlling the execution of the process,
evaluating variables, and providing information of thread / goroutine state, CPU register state and more.

The goal of this tool is to provide a simple yet powerful interface for debugging Go programs.

Pass flags to the program you are debugging using `--`, for example:

`dlv exec ./hello -- server --config conf/config.toml`

Usage:
dlv [command]

Available Commands:
attach Attach to running process and begin debugging.
connect Connect to a headless debug server.
core Examine a core dump.
dap [EXPERIMENTAL] Starts a TCP server communicating via Debug Adaptor Protocol (DAP).
debug Compile and begin debugging main package in current directory, or the package specified.
exec Execute a precompiled binary, and begin a debug session.
help Help about any command
run Deprecated command. Use 'debug' instead.
test Compile test binary and begin debugging program.
trace Compile and begin tracing program.
version Prints version.

Flags:
--accept-multiclient Allows a headless server to accept multiple client connections.
--api-version int Selects API version when headless. New clients should use v2. Can be reset via RPCServer.SetApiVersion. See Documentation/api/json-rpc/README.md. (default 1)
--backend string Backend selection (see 'dlv help backend'). (default "default")
--build-flags string Build flags, to be passed to the compiler.
--check-go-version Checks that the version of Go in use is compatible with Delve. (default true)
--headless Run debug server only, in headless mode.
-h, --help help for dlv
--init string Init file, executed by the terminal client.
-l, --listen string Debugging server listen address. (default "127.0.0.1:0")
--log Enable debugging server logging.
--log-dest string Writes logs to the specified file or file descriptor (see 'dlv help log').
--log-output string Comma separated list of components that should produce debug output (see 'dlv help log')
--only-same-user Only connections from the same user that started this instance of Delve are allowed to connect. (default true)
--wd string Working directory for running the program. (default ".")

Additional help topics:
dlv backend Help about the --backend flag.
dlv log Help about logging flags.

Use "dlv [command] --help" for more information about a command.
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attach
可以使用dlv跟踪一个正在运行的程序。

core
则可以对一个golang的core dump
文件进行回溯。

注:什么是core dump
文件?当一份代码编译后运行一段时间会发生崩溃,但是又很难定位错误时,较原始的办法是不停地在一些关键代码上报日志;而一个更方便的方法则是通过设置环境变量GOTRACEBACK=crash
,生成一份进程运行直到崩溃时详细信息的快照,然后对这个快照进行回溯。

对测试用例所在的目录执行dlv test github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample/dlv
,然后对测试函数进行断点,其余操作和前两节一致:

// gobyexample/dlv/pkg_test.go
package main

import (
"testing"
)

func TestFib(t *testing.T) {
r := Fib(5)
if r != 5 {
t.Error("Fib(5) is not equal to 5")
}
}
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 dlv test github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample/dlv
Type 'help' for list of commands.
(dlv) b TestFib
Breakpoint 1 set at 0x114ea03 for github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample/dlv.TestFib() ./dlv/pkg_test.go:7
(dlv) c
> github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample/dlv.TestFib() ./dlv/pkg_test.go:7 (hits goroutine(6):1 total:1) (PC: 0x114ea03)
2:
3: import (
4: "testing"
5: )
6:
=> 7: func TestFib(t *testing.T) {
8: r := Fib(5)
9: if r != 5 {
10: t.Error("Fib(5) is not equal to 5")
11: }
12: }
(dlv) args
t = (*testing.T)(0xc00011c120)
(dlv) s
> github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample/dlv.TestFib() ./dlv/pkg_test.go:8 (PC: 0x114ea11)
3: import (
4: "testing"
5: )
6:
7: func TestFib(t *testing.T) {
=> 8: r := Fib(5)
9: if r != 5 {
10: t.Error("Fib(5) is not equal to 5")
11: }
12: }
(dlv) s
> github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample/dlv.Fib() ./dlv/main.go:16 (PC: 0x114e98f)
11: }
12:
13: return FibIter(a+b, a, n-1)
14: }
15:
=> 16: func Fib(n int) int {
17: return FibIter(1, 0, n)
18: }
19:
20: func main() {
21: wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
(dlv) c
PASS
Process 9612 has exited with status 0
(dlv)
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引用链接

[1]
 delve: https://github.com/go-delve/delve
[2]
 yuchanns/gobyexample: https://github.com/yuchanns/gobyexample


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